“referred to as” or “referred as”, which one is appropriate?
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As a general rule, you use the construction “referred to as” when you are citing a name by which something is commonly known or called, but which is not necessarily its “real” name. For example, if a shop is commonly known as Smith’s Hardware, but its official name is Smith’s Hardware Store, you use the construction “referred to as” in the following sentence: “The hardware store next to the bank is referred to as Smith’s Hardware.”
Use “referred to as” when you are discussing the name of something that is not necessarily the object’s real name. If the name is the object’s real name, use “referred to as.”
“Referred as” is the correct choice for the reference is not necessarily the object of the reference.